The accumulated plastic strains of the fouled railroad sub-ballast were determined under cyclic loading and unloading conditions. Isotropically consolidated drained (CD) compression cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to simulate the long-term response of fouled railway substructure under progressive repetitive loading and unloading cycles. Moreover, the results of the displacement-controlled static triaxial test were used to assess the shear stiffness and strength during the cyclic stress-controlled loading cycles. Static triaxial tests were conducted first to determine the peak strength, which was used as the applied stress in the cyclic tests. This paper investigates the static and cyclic characteristics of a fouled sub-ballast material using static and cyclic triaxial tests. Finally, a series of challenges and opportunities presented by performance-based earthquake engineering for geotechnical engineering practitioners are identified and discussed.
The paper gives examples of different manners in which performance-based earthquake engineering can be implemented into practice. The nature and effects of the many uncertainties that apply to the prediction and description of ground motions, system response, physical damage, and loss are described.
This paper reviews the evolution of performance-based earthquake engineering, discusses the notion of performance and its description, and describes a recently developed framework for performance evaluation. Performance-based earthquake engineering requires the integrated, collaborative efforts of several groups of earthquake professionals, including geotechnical engineers as such, it will affect the practice of geotechnical engineering in seismically active areas. Most recently, advances have come through the development of performance-based earthquake engineering, which seeks to predict the seismic performance of structures and facilities in ways that are useful to a wide variety of stakeholders. Great advances have been made over the 40-some years in which geotechnical engineers have actively been involved in the practice of earthquake engineering.
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